diff --git a/.reuse/dep5 b/.reuse/dep5
index cbfe56a..9d71481 100644
--- a/.reuse/dep5
+++ b/.reuse/dep5
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Upstream-Contact: UnionTech Software Technology Co., Ltd. <>
 Source: https://github.com/linuxdeepin/dde-application-manager
 
 # README & DOC
-Files: README.md README.zh_CN.md docs/*
+Files: README.md README.zh_CN.md docs/* examples/launchApp/README.md
 Copyright: UnionTech Software Technology Co., Ltd.
 License: CC-BY-4.0
 
diff --git a/apps/app-launch-helper/src/main.cpp b/apps/app-launch-helper/src/main.cpp
index 5f89200..93fa592 100644
--- a/apps/app-launch-helper/src/main.cpp
+++ b/apps/app-launch-helper/src/main.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include "constant.h"
 
+namespace {
+
 enum class ExitCode { SystemdError = -3, InvalidInput = -2, InternalError = -1, Done = 0, Waiting = 1 };
 
 struct JobRemoveResult
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ struct JobRemoveResult
 using msg_ptr = sd_bus_message *;
 using bus_ptr = sd_bus *;
 
-static ExitCode fromString(const std::string &str)
+ExitCode fromString(const std::string &str)
 {
     if (str == "done") {
         return ExitCode::Done;
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ static ExitCode fromString(const std::string &str)
     __builtin_unreachable();
 }
 
-static ExitCode fromString(const char *str)
+ExitCode fromString(const char *str)
 {
     if (!str) {
         return ExitCode::Waiting;
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ static ExitCode fromString(const char *str)
     return fromString(tmp);
 }
 
-[[noreturn]] static void releaseRes(sd_bus_error &error, msg_ptr &msg, bus_ptr &bus, ExitCode ret)
+[[noreturn]] void releaseRes(sd_bus_error &error, msg_ptr &msg, bus_ptr &bus, ExitCode ret)
 {
     sd_bus_error_free(&error);
     sd_bus_message_unref(msg);
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ static ExitCode fromString(const char *str)
     std::exit(static_cast<int>(ret));
 }
 
-static int processExecStart(msg_ptr &msg, const std::deque<std::string_view> &execArgs)
+int processExecStart(msg_ptr &msg, const std::deque<std::string_view> &execArgs)
 {
     int ret;
     if (ret = sd_bus_message_append(msg, "s", "ExecStart"); ret < 0) {
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ static int processExecStart(msg_ptr &msg, const std::deque<std::string_view> &ex
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int processKVPair(msg_ptr &msg, const std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view> &props)
+int processKVPair(msg_ptr &msg, const std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view> &props)
 {
     int ret;
     if (!props.empty()) {
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ static int processKVPair(msg_ptr &msg, const std::map<std::string_view, std::str
     return 0;
 }
 
-static std::string cmdParse(msg_ptr &msg, std::deque<std::string_view> &&cmdLines)
+std::string cmdParse(msg_ptr &msg, std::deque<std::string_view> &&cmdLines)
 {
     std::string serviceName{"internalError"};
     std::map<std::string_view, std::string_view> props;
@@ -241,6 +243,11 @@ static std::string cmdParse(msg_ptr &msg, std::deque<std::string_view> &&cmdLine
         return serviceName;
     }
 
+    if (ret = sd_bus_message_append(msg, "(sv)", "Slice", "s", "app.slice"); ret < 0) {
+        sd_journal_perror("append application slice failed.");
+        return serviceName;
+    }
+
     if (ret = sd_bus_message_open_container(msg, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT, "sv"); ret < 0) {
         sd_journal_perror("open struct failed.");
         return serviceName;
@@ -300,7 +307,7 @@ int jobRemovedReceiver(sd_bus_message *m, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *ret_erro
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int process_dbus_message(sd_bus *bus)
+int process_dbus_message(sd_bus *bus)
 {
     int ret;
     ret = sd_bus_process(bus, nullptr);
@@ -322,6 +329,8 @@ static int process_dbus_message(sd_bus *bus)
     return ret;
 }
 
+}  // namespace
+
 int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
 {
     sd_bus_error error{SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL};
diff --git a/apps/dde-application-manager/src/main.cpp b/apps/dde-application-manager/src/main.cpp
index 226545a..d25aeba 100644
--- a/apps/dde-application-manager/src/main.cpp
+++ b/apps/dde-application-manager/src/main.cpp
@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@
 #include "dbus/applicationmanager1service.h"
 #include "cgroupsidentifier.h"
 
-static void registerComplexDbusType()
+namespace {
+void registerComplexDbusType()
 {
     qDBusRegisterMetaType<QMap<QString, QDBusUnixFileDescriptor>>();
     qDBusRegisterMetaType<QMap<uint, QMap<QString, QDBusUnixFileDescriptor>>>();
     qDBusRegisterMetaType<IconMap>();
 }
+}  // namespace
 
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
     auto &bus = ApplicationManager1DBus::instance();
     bus.initGlobalServerBus(DBusType::Session);
-    bus.setDestBus("");
+    bus.setDestBus();
     auto &AMBus = bus.globalServerBus();
 
     registerComplexDbusType();
diff --git a/debian/control b/debian/control
index bb62e1a..80fd203 100644
--- a/debian/control
+++ b/debian/control
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ Section: devel
 Priority: optional
 Maintainer: Chen Linxuan <chenlinxuan@uniontech.com>
 Build-Depends:
+ cmake,
+ libsystemd-dev,
+ qt6-base-dev,
+ libgtest-dev,
+ pkg-config
 Standards-Version: 4.1.3
 Homepage: https://github.com/linuxdeepin/dde-application-manager
 Package: dde-application-manager-reborn
diff --git a/src/cgroupsidentifier.cpp b/src/cgroupsidentifier.cpp
index d6372ac..dfb3d4f 100644
--- a/src/cgroupsidentifier.cpp
+++ b/src/cgroupsidentifier.cpp
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@ IdentifyRet CGroupsIdentifier::Identify(pid_t pid)
         qWarning() << "open " << AppCgroupPath << "failed: " << AppCgroupFile.errorString();
         return {};
     }
-    auto appInstance = parseCGroupsPath(
-        AppCgroupFile.readAll().split(':').last().trimmed());  // FIXME: support CGroup version detection and multi-line parsing
-    auto appInstanceComponent = appInstance.split('@');
-    if (appInstanceComponent.count() != 2) {
-        qWarning() << "Application Instance format is invalid." << appInstanceComponent;
-        return {};
-    }
-    return {appInstanceComponent.first(), appInstanceComponent.last()};
+    auto UnitStr = parseCGroupsPath(QString::fromLocal8Bit(AppCgroupFile.readAll())
+                                        .split(':', Qt::SkipEmptyParts)
+                                        .last()
+                                        .trimmed());  // FIXME: support CGroup version detection and multi-line parsing
+
+    auto [appId, InstanceId] = processUnitName(UnitStr);
+    return {std::move(appId), std::move(InstanceId)};
 }
 
 QString CGroupsIdentifier::parseCGroupsPath(const QString &CGP) noexcept
@@ -32,8 +31,7 @@ QString CGroupsIdentifier::parseCGroupsPath(const QString &CGP) noexcept
         qWarning() << "CGroupPath is empty.";
         return {};
     }
-    auto unescapedCGP = unescapeString(CGP);
-    auto CGPSlices = unescapedCGP.split('/');
+    auto CGPSlices = CGP.split('/', Qt::SkipEmptyParts);
 
     if (CGPSlices.first() != "user.slice") {
         qWarning() << "unrecognized process.";
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ QString CGroupsIdentifier::parseCGroupsPath(const QString &CGP) noexcept
         return {};
     }
 
-    auto appInstance = CGPSlices.last().split('.').first();
+    auto appInstance = CGPSlices.last();
     if (appInstance.isEmpty()) {
         qWarning() << "get AppId failed.";
         return {};
diff --git a/src/dbus/applicationmanager1service.cpp b/src/dbus/applicationmanager1service.cpp
index 6ae33c8..dc28b02 100644
--- a/src/dbus/applicationmanager1service.cpp
+++ b/src/dbus/applicationmanager1service.cpp
@@ -90,41 +90,6 @@ ApplicationManager1Service::ApplicationManager1Service(std::unique_ptr<Identifie
             });
 }
 
-QPair<QString, QString> ApplicationManager1Service::processUnitName(const QString &unitName) noexcept
-{
-    QString instanceId;
-    QString applicationId;
-
-    if (unitName.endsWith(".service")) {
-        auto lastDotIndex = unitName.lastIndexOf('.');
-        auto app = unitName.sliced(0, lastDotIndex - 1);  // remove suffix
-
-        if (app.contains('@')) {
-            auto atIndex = app.indexOf('@');
-            instanceId = app.sliced(atIndex + 1);
-            app.remove(atIndex, instanceId.length() + 1);
-        }
-
-        applicationId = app.split('-').last();  // drop launcher if it exists.
-    } else if (unitName.endsWith(".scope")) {
-        auto lastDotIndex = unitName.lastIndexOf('.');
-        auto app = unitName.sliced(0, lastDotIndex - 1);
-
-        auto components = app.split('-');
-        instanceId = components.takeLast();
-        applicationId = components.takeLast();
-    } else {
-        qDebug() << "it's not service or scope:" << unitName << "ignore.";
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    if (instanceId.isEmpty()) {
-        instanceId = QUuid::createUuid().toString(QUuid::Id128);
-    }
-
-    return qMakePair(unescapeApplicationId(applicationId), std::move(instanceId));
-}
-
 QList<QDBusObjectPath> ApplicationManager1Service::list() const
 {
     return m_applicationList.keys();
diff --git a/src/dbus/applicationmanager1service.h b/src/dbus/applicationmanager1service.h
index 929a344..52bdbc2 100644
--- a/src/dbus/applicationmanager1service.h
+++ b/src/dbus/applicationmanager1service.h
@@ -62,8 +62,6 @@ private:
     std::unique_ptr<Identifier> m_identifier;
     QScopedPointer<JobManager1Service> m_jobManager{nullptr};
     QMap<QDBusObjectPath, QSharedPointer<ApplicationService>> m_applicationList;
-
-    static QPair<QString, QString> processUnitName(const QString &serviceName) noexcept;
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/dbus/applicationservice.h b/src/dbus/applicationservice.h
index 4cd8bf0..de98e5f 100644
--- a/src/dbus/applicationservice.h
+++ b/src/dbus/applicationservice.h
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public Q_SLOTS:
 private:
     friend class ApplicationManager1Service;
     template <typename T>
-    ApplicationService(T &&source, ApplicationManager1Service *parent)
+    explicit ApplicationService(T &&source, ApplicationManager1Service *parent = nullptr)
         : m_parent(parent)
         , m_desktopSource(std::forward<T>(source))
     {
@@ -84,7 +84,9 @@ private:
             m_isPersistence = true;
             sourceFile.setFileName(m_desktopSource.m_file.filePath());
             if (!sourceFile.open(QFile::ExistingOnly | QFile::ReadOnly | QFile::Text)) {
+#ifndef DEBUG_MODE
                 qCritical() << "desktop file can't open:" << m_desktopSource.m_file.filePath() << sourceFile.errorString();
+#endif
                 return;
             }
             sourceStream.setDevice(&sourceFile);
diff --git a/src/global.h b/src/global.h
index a488cc6..49b65a9 100644
--- a/src/global.h
+++ b/src/global.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <QRegularExpression>
 #include <QDBusObjectPath>
 #include <unistd.h>
+#include <QUuid>
 #include "constant.h"
 #include "config.h"
 
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ public:
         return m_destConnection.value();
     }
 
-    void setDestBus(const QString &destAddress)
+    void setDestBus(const QString &destAddress = "")
     {
         if (m_destConnection) {
             m_destConnection->disconnectFromBus(ApplicationManagerDestDBusName);
@@ -206,26 +207,6 @@ inline QLocale getUserLocale()
     return QLocale::system();  // current use env
 }
 
-inline QString unescapeString(const QString &input)
-{
-    QRegularExpression regex("\\\\x([0-9A-Fa-f]{2})");
-    QRegularExpressionMatchIterator it = regex.globalMatch(input);
-    QString output{input};
-
-    while (it.hasNext()) {
-        QRegularExpressionMatch match = it.next();
-        bool ok;
-        // Get the hexadecimal value from the match and convert it to a number.
-        int asciiValue = match.captured(1).toInt(&ok, 16);
-        if (ok) {
-            // Convert the ASCII value to a QChar and perform the replacement.
-            output.replace(match.capturedStart(), match.capturedLength(), QChar(asciiValue));
-        }
-    }
-
-    return output;
-}
-
 inline QString escapeToObjectPath(const QString &str)
 {
     if (str.isEmpty()) {
@@ -333,4 +314,39 @@ inline QStringList getXDGDataDirs()
     return XDGDataDirs;
 }
 
+inline QPair<QString, QString> processUnitName(const QString &unitName)
+{
+    QString instanceId;
+    QString applicationId;
+
+    if (unitName.endsWith(".service")) {
+        auto lastDotIndex = unitName.lastIndexOf('.');
+        auto app = unitName.sliced(0, lastDotIndex);  // remove suffix
+
+        if (app.contains('@')) {
+            auto atIndex = app.indexOf('@');
+            instanceId = app.sliced(atIndex + 1);
+            app.remove(atIndex, instanceId.length() + 1);
+        }
+
+        applicationId = app.split('-').last();  // drop launcher if it exists.
+    } else if (unitName.endsWith(".scope")) {
+        auto lastDotIndex = unitName.lastIndexOf('.');
+        auto app = unitName.sliced(0, lastDotIndex);
+
+        auto components = app.split('-');
+        instanceId = components.takeLast();
+        applicationId = components.takeLast();
+    } else {
+        qDebug() << "it's not service or scope:" << unitName << "ignore.";
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    if (instanceId.isEmpty()) {
+        instanceId = QUuid::createUuid().toString(QUuid::Id128);
+    }
+
+    return qMakePair(unescapeApplicationId(applicationId), std::move(instanceId));
+}
+
 #endif
diff --git a/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 356dce1..fa386b5 100644
--- a/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,16 @@ target_link_libraries(${BIN_NAME} PRIVATE
     dde_am_static
 )
 
-target_compile_options(${BIN_NAME} PRIVATE "-fno-access-control")
+target_compile_options(${BIN_NAME} PRIVATE
+    -fno-access-control
+    -fsanitize=undefined
+    -fsanitize=address
+)
+
+target_link_options(${BIN_NAME} PRIVATE
+    -fsanitize=undefined
+    -fsanitize=address
+)
 
 add_test(
     NAME UnitTest
diff --git a/tests/ut_applicationmanager.cpp b/tests/ut_applicationmanager.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d44caf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ut_applicationmanager.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2023 UnionTech Software Technology Co., Ltd.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "dbus/applicationmanager1service.h"
+#include "dbus/applicationservice.h"
+#include "cgroupsidentifier.h"
+#include "constant.h"
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <QDBusConnection>
+#include <QSharedPointer>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <QProcess>
+#include <thread>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <QDBusUnixFileDescriptor>
+
+namespace {
+int pidfd_open(pid_t pid, uint flags)
+{
+    return syscall(SYS_pidfd_open, pid, flags);
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+class TestApplicationManager : public testing::Test
+{
+public:
+    static void SetUpTestCase()
+    {
+        auto &bus = ApplicationManager1DBus::instance();
+        bus.initGlobalServerBus(DBusType::Session);
+        bus.setDestBus();
+
+        m_am = new ApplicationManager1Service{std::make_unique<CGroupsIdentifier>(), bus.globalServerBus()};
+
+        DesktopFile file{"/usr/share/applications/test-Application.desktop", "test-Application", 0};
+        QSharedPointer<ApplicationService> app = QSharedPointer<ApplicationService>::create(std::move(file));
+        QSharedPointer<InstanceService> instance =
+            QSharedPointer<InstanceService>::create(InstancePath.path().split('/').last(), ApplicationPath.path(), QString{"/"});
+        app->m_Instances.insert(InstancePath, instance);
+        m_am->m_applicationList.insert(ApplicationPath, app);
+    }
+
+    static void TearDownTestCase() { m_am->deleteLater(); }
+
+    static inline ApplicationManager1Service *m_am{nullptr};
+    const static inline QDBusObjectPath ApplicationPath{DDEApplicationManager1ApplicationObjectPath +
+                                                        QUuid::createUuid().toString(QUuid::Id128)};
+    const static inline QDBusObjectPath InstancePath{DDEApplicationManager1InstanceObjectPath +
+                                                     QUuid::createUuid().toString(QUuid::Id128)};
+};
+
+TEST_F(TestApplicationManager, list)
+{
+    auto lists = m_am->list();
+    EXPECT_EQ(lists.first(), ApplicationPath);
+}
+
+TEST_F(TestApplicationManager, application)
+{
+    EXPECT_EQ(m_am->Application("test-Application"), ApplicationPath);
+}
+
+TEST_F(TestApplicationManager, identifyService)
+{
+    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+    // for service unit
+    auto workingDir = QDir::cleanPath(QDir::current().absolutePath() + QDir::separator() + ".." + QDir::separator() + "tools");
+    QFile pidFile{workingDir + QDir::separator() + "pid.txt"};
+    if (pidFile.exists()) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(pidFile.remove());
+    }
+
+    QProcess fakeServiceProc;
+    fakeServiceProc.setWorkingDirectory(workingDir);
+    auto InstanceId = InstancePath.path().split('/').last();
+    fakeServiceProc.start("/usr/bin/systemd-run",
+                          {{QString{R"(--unit=app-DDE-test\x2dApplication@%1.service)"}.arg(InstanceId)},
+                           {"--user"},
+                           {QString{"--working-directory=%1"}.arg(workingDir)},
+                           {"--slice=app.slice"},
+                           {"./fake-process.sh"}});
+    fakeServiceProc.waitForFinished();
+    if (fakeServiceProc.exitStatus() != QProcess::ExitStatus::NormalExit) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "invoke systemd-run failed.";
+    }
+
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+
+    auto success = pidFile.open(QFile::ReadOnly | QFile::Text | QFile::ExistingOnly);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(success);
+
+    if (!success) {
+        qWarning() << pidFile.errorString();
+        fakeServiceProc.terminate();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(false);
+    }
+
+    bool ok{false};
+    auto fakePid = pidFile.readLine().toInt(&ok);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ok);
+
+    auto pidfd = pidfd_open(fakePid, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pidfd > 0) << std::strerror(errno);
+    QDBusObjectPath application;
+    QDBusObjectPath application_instance;
+    auto appId = m_am->Identify(QDBusUnixFileDescriptor{pidfd}, application, application_instance);
+    EXPECT_EQ(appId.toStdString(), QString{"test-Application"}.toStdString());
+    EXPECT_EQ(application.path().toStdString(), ApplicationPath.path().toStdString());
+    EXPECT_EQ(application_instance.path().toStdString(), InstancePath.path().toStdString());
+    close(pidfd);
+
+    if (pidFile.exists()) {
+        pidFile.remove();
+    }
+
+    // for scope unit
+    ASSERT_TRUE(QProcess::startDetached("/usr/bin/systemd-run",
+                                        {{"--scope"},
+                                         {QString{R"(--unit=app-DDE-test\x2dApplication-%1.scope)"}.arg(InstanceId)},
+                                         {"--user"},
+                                         {QString{"--working-directory=%1"}.arg(workingDir)},
+                                         {"--slice=app.slice"},
+                                         {"./fake-process.sh"},
+                                         {"Scope"}},
+                                        workingDir));
+
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+
+    success = pidFile.open(QFile::ReadOnly | QFile::Text | QFile::ExistingOnly);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(success);
+
+    if (!success) {
+        qWarning() << pidFile.errorString();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(false);
+    }
+
+    ok = false;
+    fakePid = pidFile.readLine().toInt(&ok);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ok);
+
+    pidfd = pidfd_open(fakePid, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pidfd > 0) << std::strerror(errno);
+
+    appId = m_am->Identify(QDBusUnixFileDescriptor{pidfd}, application, application_instance);
+    EXPECT_EQ(appId.toStdString(), QString{"test-Application"}.toStdString());
+    EXPECT_EQ(application.path().toStdString(), ApplicationPath.path().toStdString());
+    EXPECT_EQ(application_instance.path().toStdString(), InstancePath.path().toStdString());
+    close(pidfd);
+
+    if (pidFile.exists()) {
+        pidFile.remove();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/ut_desktopentry.cpp b/tests/ut_desktopentry.cpp
index f3b1d04..847e38a 100644
--- a/tests/ut_desktopentry.cpp
+++ b/tests/ut_desktopentry.cpp
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ public:
 
     static void TearDownTestCase() { qputenv("XDG_DATA_DIRS", env); }
 
-    void SetUp() override {}
-    void TearDown() override {}
     QSharedPointer<DesktopFile> file() { return m_file; }
 
 private:
diff --git a/tests/ut_jobmanager.cpp b/tests/ut_jobmanager.cpp
index 7f09619..c0300f6 100644
--- a/tests/ut_jobmanager.cpp
+++ b/tests/ut_jobmanager.cpp
@@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ TEST_F(TestJobManager, addJob)
             return QVariant::fromValue(true);
         },
         args);
-    QThread::sleep(1);  // force wait
+    QThreadPool::globalInstance()->waitForDone();
 }
diff --git a/tools/fake-process.sh b/tools/fake-process.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..11d92f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/fake-process.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2023 UnionTech Software Technology Co., Ltd.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+echo $$ > pid.txt
+sleep 1s
+exit 0
diff --git a/tools/test-coverage.sh b/tools/test-coverage.sh
index df7b6be..1db2636 100755
--- a/tools/test-coverage.sh
+++ b/tools/test-coverage.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 UnionTech Software Technology Co., Ltd.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2023 UnionTech Software Technology Co., Ltd.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later